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Seventeenth
Amendment
Proposed
on May 13, 1912. Ratified on April 8, 1913.
The
Senate of the United States shall be
composed of two Senators from each State,
elected by the people thereof, for six
years; and each Senator shall have one
vote. The electors in each State shall
have the qualifications requisite for
electors of the most numerous branch of
the State legislatures. When vacancies
happen in the representation of any State
in the Senate, the executive authority of
such State shall issue writs of election
to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the
legislature of any State may empower the
executive thereof to make temporary
appointment until the people fill the
vacancies by election as the legislature
may direct. This amendment shall not be so
construed as to affect the election or
term of any Senator chosen before it
becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
Order
of State Ratification
| Massachusetts |
May
22, 1912 |
Arizona |
Jun
3, 1912 |
| Minnesota |
Jun
10, 1912 |
New
York |
Jan
15, 1913 |
| Kansas |
Jan
17, 1913 |
Oregon |
Jan
23, 1913 |
| North
Carolina |
Jan
25, 1913 |
California |
Jan
28, 1913 |
| Michigan |
Jan
28, 1913 |
Iowa |
Jan
30, 1913 |
| Montana |
Jan
30, 1913 |
Idaho |
Jan
31, 1913 |
| West
Virginia |
Feb
4, 1913 |
Colorado |
Feb
5, 1913 |
| Nevada |
Feb
6, 1913 |
Texas |
Feb
7, 1913 |
| Washington |
Feb
7, 1913 |
Wyoming |
Feb
8, 1913 |
| Arkansas |
Feb
11, 1913 |
Maine |
Feb
11, 1913 |
| Illinois |
Feb
13, 1913 |
North
Dakota |
Feb
14, 1913 |
| Wisconsin |
Feb
18, 1913 |
Indiana |
Feb
19, 1913 |
| New
Hampshire |
Feb
19, 1913 |
Vermont |
Feb
19, 1913 |
| South
Dakota |
Feb
19, 1913 |
Oklahoma |
Feb
24, 1913 |
| Ohio |
Feb
25, 1913 |
Missouri |
Mar
7, 1913 |
| New
Mexico |
Mar
13, 1913 |
Nebraska |
Mar
14, 1913 |
| New
Jersey |
Mar
17, 1913 |
Tennessee |
Apr
1, 1913 |
| Pennsylvania |
Apr
2, 1913 |
Connecticut |
Apr
8, 1913 |
| Louisiana |
Jun
11, 1914 |
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| Denotes
last state required for ratification. |
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Court
Cases |
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Oregon
v. Mitchell, Attorney General |
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References
and Articles |
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Far-Reaching
and Forgotten: The Constitution's 17th Amendment
Seventeenth
Amendment - Popular Election of Senators
Popular
Election of Senators
Testimony
of John S. Baker, Jr., Dale E. Bennett Professor of
Law, Louisiana State University Law Center on the
Federalism Accountability Act of 1999
Senate
Briefings
The
Oregon System: A Road Map for Term Limits
Term
Limits and Lessons from Our Past
Time
Bandits
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