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First
Amendment
Proposed
on September 25, 1789. Ratified on December 15, 1791.
Congress
shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting
the free exercise thereof; or abridging
the freedom of speech, or of the press; or
the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the government
for a redress of grievances.
Order
of State Ratification
| New
Jersey |
Nov
20, 1789 |
Maryland |
Dec
19, 1789 |
| North
Carolina |
Dec
22, 1789 |
South
Carolina |
Jan
19, 1790 |
| New
Hampshire |
Jan
25, 1790 |
Delaware |
Jan
28, 1790 |
| New
York |
Feb
24, 1790 |
Pennsylvania |
Mar
10, 1790 |
| Rhode
Island |
Jun
7, 1790 |
Vermont |
Nov
3, 1791 |
| Virginia |
Dec
15, 1791 |
Massachusetts |
Mar
2, 1939 |
| Georgia |
Mar
18, 1939 |
Connecticut |
Apr
19, 1939 |
| Denotes
last state required for ratification. |
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Court
Cases |
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Hazelwood
School District et al. v. Kuhlmeier et al.
Houchins
v. KQED Inc.
Nebraska
Press Assoc. v. Stuart
New
York Times Co. v. Sullivan
New
York v. Ferber
Osborne
v. Ohio
Smith
v. Daily Mail Publishing Co
U.S.
Dept. Of Justice v. Reporters Committee
Zurcher,
Chief of Police of Palo Alto, et al v. Stanford Daily
et al.
Arkansas
Ed. Television Comm. v. Forbes
Barnes
v. Glen Theatre Inc.
Board
of County Commissioners v. Umbehr
Brandenburg
v. Ohio
Burson
v. Freeman
Denver
Area Consortium v. FCC
Florida
Bar v. Went For It Inc.
Gooding,
Warden v. Wilson
Hurley
v. Irish American GLIB Association
Ladue
v. Gilleo
O'Hare
Truck Service v. Northlake
R.
A. V. v. City of St. Paul, Minnesota
Reno
v. ACLU
Rust
v. Sullivan
Rutan
v. Republican Party of Illinois
Sable
Communications of California v. FCC
Schenck
v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York
Simon
& Schuster v. NY Crime Victims Board
Texas
v. Johnson
Turner
Broadcasting v. FCC
United
States v. Eichman
United
States v. X-Citement Video
University
of Pennsylvania v. EEOC
Wisconsin
v. Mitchell
Allegheny
v. ACLU |
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References
and Articles |
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Freedom
of Speech vs. Workplace Harassment Law
The
First Amendment and Freedom of the Press
Free
Speech Online
If
You Think We're Free from Censorship . . . Think
Again!
First
Amendment Handbook
A Guide to Free Speech
and the First Amendment
Ralph
McCoy's Freedom of Press
Money,
Politics and the First Amendment
Teaching
Censorship
Youth
Guide to the First Amendment
Analyzing and Responding to Media
Violence Without Harming the
First Amendment
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